---
title: Uncommon Syntax
tags:
  - type/encyclopedia
---
# Uncommon Syntax

* **i.e.** --- _id est_ ("that is")

* **e.g.** --- _exempli gratia_ ("for example")

## Symbols

* $\therefore$

* $\vdash$ --- turnstile,
  denotes logical consequence

* $\vDash$ or $\models$ --- double turnstile,
  denotes [semantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic "Semantic") consequence

  > [!quote] [Double turnstile - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_turnstile)
  > read as
  > "[entails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence "Logical consequence")",
  > "[models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory "Model theory")",
  > "is a **semantic consequence** of"
  > or "is stronger than".

### Compound Points

> [!cite] [Compound point - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_point)
> * **;---** --- Semicolon dash.
> A more emphatic or longer semicolon.
>
> * **.---** --- Stop dash.
> A full stop that emphasizes the sentence it starts.
>
> * **,---** --- Comma dash.
> A mark used in various ways:
> to mark parentheticals
> that are placed where a comma would otherwise be needed
> in the principal sentence;
> to mark an idea repeated in different words;
> as a more emphatic comma;
> or for separating several clauses with a common dependence
> from the clause on which they depend.
>
> * **:---** --- Colon dash.
> A mark that indicates a list, the contents of which start on the next line; or as a more emphatic colon.

These are archaic constructions,
generally regarded as redundant.

Thoreau uses them extensively in _[[thoreau_1854_walden|Walden]]_.
