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---
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# Article 110 Requirements for Electrical Installations
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## Part I. General
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## Part I. General ^p1
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### 110.1 Scope.
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### 110.1 Scope. ^1
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This article covers general requirements
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for the examination and approval, installation and use,
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@@ -27,28 +27,28 @@ and tunnel installations.
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> [!info] Informational Note:
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> See Informative Annex J for information regarding ADA accessibility design.
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### 110.2 Approval.
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### 110.2 Approval. ^2
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The conductors and equipment required or permitted by this Code shall be acceptable only if approved.
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> [!info] Informational Note:
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> See 90.7, Examination of Equipment for Safety, and 110.3, Examination, Identification, Installation, and Use of
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> See 90.7, Examination of Equipment for Safety,
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> and 110.3, Examination, Identification, Installation, and Use of Equipment.
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> See definitions of Approved, Identified, Labeled, and Listed.
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Equipment. See definitions of Approved, Identified, Labeled, and Listed.
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### 110.3 Examination, Identification, Installation, Use, and Listing (Product Certification) of Equipment. ^3
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### 110.3 Examination, Identification, Installation, Use, and Listing (Product Certification) of Equipment.
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#### 110.3(A) Examination.
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#### 110.3(A) Examination. ^3a
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In judging equipment, considerations such as the following shall be evaluated:
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* (1) Suitability for installation and use in conformity with this Code
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 1:
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> Equipment may be new, reconditioned, refurbished, or remanufactured.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 1:
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> Equipment may be new, reconditioned, refurbished, or remanufactured.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 2:
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> Suitability of equipment use may be identified by a description marked on or provided with a product to identify the suitability of the product for a specific purpose, environment, or application. Special conditions of use or other limitations and other pertinent information may be marked on the equipment, included in the product instructions, or included in the appropriate listing and labeling information. Suitability of equipment may be evidenced by listing or labeling.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 2:
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> Suitability of equipment use may be identified by a description marked on or provided with a product to identify the suitability of the product for a specific purpose, environment, or application. Special conditions of use or other limitations and other pertinent information may be marked on the equipment, included in the product instructions, or included in the appropriate listing and labeling information. Suitability of equipment may be evidenced by listing or labeling.
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* (2) Mechanical strength and durability, including, for parts designed to enclose and protect other equipment, the adequacy of the protection thus provided
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@@ -64,36 +64,36 @@ In judging equipment, considerations such as the following shall be evaluated:
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* (8) Other factors that contribute to the practical safeguarding of persons using or likely to come in contact with the equipment
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#### 110.3(B) Installation and Use.
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#### 110.3(B) Installation and Use. ^3b
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Equipment that is listed, labeled, or both shall be installed and used in accordance with any instructions included in the listing or labeling.
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#### 110.3(C) Listing.
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#### 110.3(C) Listing. ^3c
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Product testing, evaluation, and listing (product certification) shall be performed by recognized qualified electrical testing laboratories and shall be in accordance with applicable product standards recognized as achieving equivalent and effective safety for equipment installed to comply with this Code.
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> [!info] Informational Note:
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> The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) recognizes qualified electrical testing laboratories that perform evaluations, testing, and certification of certain products to ensure that they meet the requirements of both the construction and general industry OSHA electrical standards. If the listing (product certification) is done under a qualified electrical testing laboratory program, this listing mark signifies that the tested and certified product complies with the requirements of one or more appropriate product safety test standards.
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### 110.4 Voltages.
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### 110.4 Voltages. ^4
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Throughout this Code, the voltage considered shall be that at which the circuit operates. The voltage rating of electrical equipment shall not be less than the nominal voltage of a circuit to which it is connected.
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### 110.5 Conductors.
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### 110.5 Conductors. ^5
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Conductors used to carry current shall be of copper, aluminum, or copper-clad aluminum unless otherwise provided in this Code.
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Where the conductor material is not specified, the sizes given in this Code shall apply to copper conductors. Where other materials are used, the size shall be changed accordingly.
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### 110.6 Conductor Sizes.
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### 110.6 Conductor Sizes. ^6
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Conductor sizes are expressed in American Wire Gage (AWG) or in circular mils.
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### 110.7 Wiring Integrity.
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### 110.7 Wiring Integrity. ^7
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Completed wiring installations shall be free from short circuits, ground faults, or any connections to ground other than as required or permitted elsewhere in this Code.
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### 110.8 Wiring Methods
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### 110.8 Wiring Methods ^8
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Only wiring methods recognized as suitable
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are included in this Code.
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@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@ shall be permitted to be installed
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in any type of building or occupancy,
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except as otherwise provided in this Code.
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### 110.9 Interrupting Rating.
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### 110.9 Interrupting Rating. ^9
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Equipment intended to interrupt current at fault levels shall have an interrupting rating at nominal circuit voltage at least equal to the current that is available at the line terminals of the equipment.
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Equipment intended to interrupt current at other than fault levels shall have an interrupting rating at nominal circuit voltage at least equal to the current that must be interrupted.
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### 110.10 Circuit Impedance, Short-Circuit Current Ratings, and Other Characteristics.
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### 110.10 Circuit Impedance, Short-Circuit Current Ratings, and Other Characteristics. ^10
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The overcurrent protective devices, the total impedance, the equipment short-circuit current ratings, and other characteristics of the circuit to be protected shall be selected and coordinated to permit the circuit protective devices used to clear a fault to do so without extensive damage to the electrical equipment of the circuit. This fault shall be assumed to be either between two or more of the circuit conductors or between any circuit conductor and the equipment grounding conductor(s) permitted in 250.118. Listed equipment applied in accordance with their listing shall be considered to meet the requirements of this section.
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@@ -128,18 +128,16 @@ Equipment not identified for outdoor use and equipment identified only for indoo
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> See Table 110.28 for appropriate enclosure-type designations.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 4:
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> Minimum flood provisions are provided in NFPA 5000-2015 Building Construction and Safety Code, the
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International Building Code (IBC), and the International Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings (IRC).
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> Minimum flood provisions are provided in NFPA 5000-2015 Building Construction and Safety Code,
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> the International Building Code (IBC),
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> and the International Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings (IRC).
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### 110.12 Mechanical Execution of Work.
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Electrical equipment shall be installed in a neat and workmanlike manner.
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> [!info] Informational Note:
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> Accepted industry practices are described in ANSI/NECA 1-2015, Standard for Good Workmanship in Electrical
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Construction, and other ANSI-approved installation standards.
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> Accepted industry practices are described in ANSI/NECA 1-2015, Standard for Good Workmanship in Electrical Construction, and other ANSI-approved installation standards.
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#### 110.12(A) Unused Openings.
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@@ -156,14 +154,10 @@ Internal parts of electrical equipment, including busbars, wiring terminals, ins
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Cables and conductors installed exposed on the surfaces of ceilings and sidewalls shall be supported by the building structure in such a manner that the cables and conductors will not be damaged by normal building use. Such cables and conductors shall be secured by hardware including straps, staples, cable ties, hangers, or similar fittings designed and installed so as not to damage the cable. The installation shall also conform with 300.4 and 300.11. Nonmetallic cable ties and other nonmetallic cable accessories used to secure and support cables in other spaces used for environmental air (plenums) shall be listed as having low smoke and heat release properties.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 1:
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> Accepted industry practices are described in ANSI/ NECA/FOA 301-2009, Standard for Installing and Testing
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Fiber Optic Cables, and other ANSI-approved installation standards.
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> Accepted industry practices are described in ANSI/NECA/FOA 301-2009, Standard for Installing and Testing Fiber Optic Cables, and other ANSI-approved installation standards.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 2:
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> See 4.3.11.2.6.5 and 4.3.11.5.5.6 of NFPA 90A-2018, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and
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Ventilating Systems, for discrete combustible components installed in accordance with 300.22(C).
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> See 4.3.11.2.6.5 and 4.3.11.5.5.6 of NFPA 90A-2018, Standard for the Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems, for discrete combustible components installed in accordance with 300.22(C).
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 3:
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> Paint, plaster, cleaners, abrasives, corrosive residues, or other contaminants may result in an undetermined alteration of optical fiber cable properties.
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@@ -220,12 +214,16 @@ shall be based on Table 310.16 as appropriately modified by 310.12.
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* (a) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated 100 amperes or less,
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or marked for 14 AWG through 1 AWG conductors,
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shall be used only for one of the following:
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* (1) Conductors rated 60°C (140°F).
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* (2) Conductors with higher temperature ratings,
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provided the ampacity of such conductors
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is determined based on the 60°C (140°F) ampacity of the conductor size used.
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* (3) Conductors with higher temperature ratings
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if the equipment is listed and identified for use with such conductors.
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* (4) For motors marked with design letters B, C, or D,
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conductors having an insulation rating of 75°C (167°F) or higher
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shall be permitted to be used,
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@@ -236,7 +234,9 @@ shall be based on Table 310.16 as appropriately modified by 310.12.
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for circuits rated over 100 amperes,
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or marked for conductors larger than 1 AWG,
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shall be used only for one of the following:
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* (1) Conductors rated 75°C (167°F)
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* (2) Conductors with higher temperature ratings,
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provided the ampacity of such conductors
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does not exceed the 75°C (167°F) ampacity of the conductor size used,
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@@ -247,10 +247,10 @@ shall be based on Table 310.16 as appropriately modified by 310.12.
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Separately installed pressure connectors shall be used with conductors at the ampacities not exceeding the ampacity at the listed and identified temperature rating of the connector.
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Informational Note:
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With respect to 110.14(C)(1) and (C)(2),
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equipment markings or listing information may additionally restrict
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the sizing and temperature ratings of connected conductors.
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> [!info] Informational Note:
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> With respect to 110.14(C)(1) and (C)(2),
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> equipment markings or listing information may additionally restrict
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> the sizing and temperature ratings of connected conductors.
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#### 110.14(D) Terminal Connection Torque.
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@@ -259,22 +259,22 @@ shall be as indicated on equipment
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or in installation instructions provided by the manufacturer.
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An approved means shall be used to achieve the indicated torque value.
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Informational Note No. 1:
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Examples of approved means of achieving the indicated torque values
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include torque tools or devices such as shear bolts
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or breakaway-style devices with visual indicators
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that demonstrate that the proper torque has been applied.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 1:
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> Examples of approved means of achieving the indicated torque values
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> include torque tools or devices such as shear bolts
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> or breakaway-style devices with visual indicators
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> that demonstrate that the proper torque has been applied.
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Informational Note No. 2:
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The equipment manufacturer can be contacted
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if numeric torque values are not indicated on the equipment
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or if the installation instructions are not available.
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Informative Annex I of UL Standard 486A-486B, Standard for Safety-Wire Connectors,
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provides torque values in the absence of manufacturer's recommendations.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 2:
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> The equipment manufacturer can be contacted
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> if numeric torque values are not indicated on the equipment
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> or if the installation instructions are not available.
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> Informative Annex I of UL Standard 486A-486B, Standard for Safety-Wire Connectors,
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> provides torque values in the absence of manufacturer's recommendations.
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Informational Note No. 3:
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Additional information for torquing threaded connections and terminations
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can be found in Section 8.11 of NFPA 70B-2019, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance.
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> [!info] Informational Note No. 3:
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> Additional information for torquing threaded connections and terminations
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> can be found in Section 8.11 of NFPA 70B-2019, Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance.
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### 110.15 High-Leg Marking.
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