---
title: Uncommon Syntax
tags:
  - type/encyclopedia
up: "[[writing]]"
---
# Uncommon Syntax

* [**i.e.**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(I)#id_est)
    --- _id est_ ("that is")

* [**e.g.**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempli_gratia)
    --- _exempli gratia_ ("for example")

* [**viz.**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viz.)
    --- _videlicet_, from _videre licet_ ("which is")

    > In contrast to i.e. and e.g.,
    > viz. is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before,
    > and when it precedes a list of group members,
    > it implies (near) completeness.

## Symbols

* $\therefore$

* $\vdash$ --- turnstile,
  denotes logical consequence

* $\vDash$ or $\models$ --- double turnstile,
  denotes [semantic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic "Semantic") consequence

  > [!quote] [Double turnstile - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_turnstile)
  > read as
  > "[entails](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_consequence "Logical consequence")",
  > "[models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory "Model theory")",
  > "is a **semantic consequence** of"
  > or "is stronger than".

### Compound Points

> [!cite] [Compound point - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_point)
> * **;---** --- Semicolon dash.
> A more emphatic or longer semicolon.
> 
> * **.---** --- Stop dash.
> A full stop that emphasizes the sentence it starts.
> 
> * **,---** --- Comma dash.
> A mark used in various ways:
> to mark parentheticals
> that are placed where a comma would otherwise be needed
> in the principal sentence;
> to mark an idea repeated in different words;
> as a more emphatic comma;
> or for separating several clauses with a common dependence
> from the clause on which they depend.
> 
> * **:---** --- Colon dash.
> A mark that indicates a list, the contents of which start on the next line; or as a more emphatic colon.

These are archaic constructions,
generally regarded as redundant.

Thoreau uses them extensively in _[[thoreau_1854_walden|Walden]]_.