vault backup: 2026-04-15 17:43:32
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id: 2026-04-10
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aliases: []
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title: 2026-04-10
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tags:
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- authorship/original
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- destiny/permanent
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- status/draft
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- type/periodic/daily
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dg-publish: true
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date-created: 2026-04-10T15:13:30-04:00
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weekly: "[[2026-W15]]"
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monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
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quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
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yearly: "[[2026]]"
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---
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# 2026-04-10
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Made recipe: [[collards]]
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---
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id: 2026-04-14
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aliases: []
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title: 2026-04-14
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tags:
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- authorship/original
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- destiny/permanent
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- status/draft
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- type/periodic/daily
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dg-publish: true
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date-created: 2026-04-14T15:11:48-04:00
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weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
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monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
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quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
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yearly: "[[2026]]"
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---
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# 2026-04-14
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Made recipes:
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* [[granola]]
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* [[banana-bread]]
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---
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id:
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aliases: []
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title: Voltage Drop Calculations
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tags:
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- authorship/other
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- destiny/permanent
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- status/incomplete
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- topic/construction/electrical
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- type/media/article
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author: David A. Snyder, PE
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dg-publish: false
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year: 2020
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---
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# Voltage Drop Calculations
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%%
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[E426_Voltage_Drop_Tables.pdf](https://pdhonline.com/courses/e426/E426_Voltage_Drop_Tables.pdf)
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retrieved from [pdhonline.com "Voltage Drop Calculations"](https://pdhonline.com/courses/e426/e426_new.htm)
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PDHonline Course E426 (3 PDH)
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Local copy saved as [[snyder_2020_voltage-drop-calculations.pdf]]
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%%
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## Introduction
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#### Table 1 --- Quick Guide to Voltage Drop Formulas
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## Voltage Drop and the National Electrical Code
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### Branch Circuits
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### Feeders
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### Sensitive Electronic Equipment
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### Other Considerations
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## Common Formulas for Voltage Drop Calculations
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### Single-Phase Approximate Voltage Drop Formulas
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#### Figure 1 --- Single-Phase, Two-Wire Voltage-Drop Circuit Diagram
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#### Figure 2 --- Distributed Resistance in Conductors
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#### Table 2 --- Derivation of the Value of K for Copper Conductors
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#### Figure 3 --- Single-Phase, Three-Wire Voltage-Drop Circuit Diagram
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### Three-Phase Approximate Voltage Drop Formulas
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#### Figure 4 --- Three-Phase Wye-Connected with Neutral Voltage-Drop Circuit Diagram
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### No Neutral Current in a Balanced Three-Phase System?
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#### Figure 5 --- Balanced, Wye-Connected, Three-Phase, Resistance Load, with Neutral Connection
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#### Figure 6 --- Balanced, Wye-Connected, Three-Phase 10 KW Load at 480 V
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### √3 Relationship of Three-Phase Voltages
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#### Figure 7 --- 480Y/277V Wye-Delta Voltage Relationship
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#### Figure 8 --Wye-Delta Voltage Relationship --- Right Triangle Geometry
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#### Figure 9 --- 208Y/120V Wye-Delta Voltage Relationship
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### Why the √3 Is Used in Balanced, Three-Phase Voltage Drop Calculations
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#### Figure 10 --- The Square Root of Three in Three-Phase Voltage-Drop Calculations
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## Table 9 in the NEC
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### Which Columns Are Applicable?
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### XL (Reactance)
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### Alternating-Current Resistance
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### Effective Z at 0.85 PF
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#### Table 3 --- Selected Effective Z Calculations at 0.85 PF (Ohms-to-Neutral per 1,000 feet) . 21
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### Effective Z at Any Power Factor: Note 2 to Table 9 in the NEC
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#### Table 4 --- Effective Z Calculations for Selected Wire Sizes at Various Power Factors (Ohms-to-Neutral per 1,000 feet)
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## Note 2 to Table 8 in the NEC
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### Phasor Diagrams of Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance for Conductors
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#### Figure 11 --- Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance for 12 AWG Copper Conductors in Steel Conduit at 0.85 PF
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#### Figure 12 --- Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance for 12 AWG Copper Conductors in Steel Conduit at Selected Power Factor Values
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#### Figure 13 --- Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance for 250 KCMIL Copper Conductors in Steel Conduit at 0.85 PF
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#### Figure 14 --- Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance for 500 KCMIL Copper Conductors in Steel Conduit at 0.85 PF
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#### Figure 15 --- Phasor Diagram of Resistance, Reactance, and Impedance for 500 KCMIL Copper Conductors in Steel Conduit at Selected Power Factor Values
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### Estimated Vdrop Derived from Impedance Phasor Diagrams
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#### Figure 16 --- Applying 300 Amps to the Impedance Phasor Diagram for 500 KCMIL Copper Conductors in Steel Conduit at Selected Power Factor Values
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### Estimated Vdrop, Single-Phase:
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### Estimated Vdrop, Three-Phase:
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## Voltage Drop Phasor Diagram in IEEE Standard 141 (Red Book)
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#### Figure 17 --- IEEE Phasor Diagram of Voltage Drop
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#### Figure 18 --- Vertical Components of Phasor Diagram of Voltage Drop
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#### Figure 19 --- Triangle Formed by Vs, Vr + Estimated Vdrop, and IXcosΦ-IRsinΦ
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#### Figure 20 --- When the Vector I * Z Really Is the Actual Vdrop
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#### Figure 21 --- If Conductor X > R, the Error Increases as Power Factor Increases
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## Calculating the Error Shown in the IEEE Phasor Diagram
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#### Figure 22 --- Finding the Height h of a Circular Segment
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### Single-Phase Formulas for Error and Actual Vdrop:
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### Three-Phase Formulas for Error and Actual Vdrop:
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#### Table 5 --- Error Voltage Drop Calculations for Real-World Examples in Next Section
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## Real-World Examples
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#### Table 6 --- Real-World Examples
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### 10 Hp Motor at 480V/3Φ with 12 AWG Conductors
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#### Figure 23 --- Line-to-Neutral Voltage Drop for 10 Hp Motor at 480V/3Φ with 200' of 12 AWG Conductors
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#### Table 7 --- Line-to-Line Voltage Drop for 10 Hp Motor at 480V/3Φ with 200' of 12 AWG Conductors
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### 15 KW Heater at 480V/3Φ with 10 AWG Conductors
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#### Figure 24 --- Line-to-Neutral Voltage Drop for 15 KW Load at 480V/3Φ with 200' of 10 AWG Conductors
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#### Table 8 --- Line-to-Line Voltage Drop for 15 KW Load at 480V/3Φ with 200' of 10 AWG Conductors
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### 250 Hp Motor at 480V/3Φ with 500 KCMIL Conductors
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#### Figure 25 --- Line-to-Neutral Voltage Drop for 250 Hp Motor at 480V/3Φ with 200' of 500 KCMIL Conductors
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#### Table 9 --- Line-to-Line Voltage Drop for 250 Hp Motor at 480V/3Φ with 200' of 500 KCMIL Conductors
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## Rearranging the Formulas Used for Approximate Vdrop
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### Single-Phase Voltage Drop Formulas --- Rearranged
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#### Table 10 --- Voltage Drop for 10 A Load at 120V/1Φ with 100' of 10 AWG Conductors
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### Three-Phase Voltage Drop Formulas --- Rearranged
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## Other Considerations
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||||||
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### Increase Equipment Grounding Conductor Size
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||||||
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### Increase Grounded (Neutral) Conductor Size
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||||||
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### Verify Wire Size and Quantity Capacity of Terminations at Both Ends
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### Verify Conduit Size
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### Rule-of-Thumb
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### Converting Formulas from Single-Phase to Three-Phase
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||||||
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#### Table 11 --- Voltage Drop for 10 A Load at 120V/1Φ with 120' of 12 AWG Conductors
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#### Table 12 --- Voltage Drop for 10 A Load at 208V/3Φ with 208' of 12 AWG Conductors
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#### Table 13 --- Voltage Drop for 10 A Load at 277V/1Φ with 277' of 12 AWG Conductors
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#### Table 14 --- Voltage Drop for 10 A Load at 480V/3Φ with 480' of 12 AWG Conductors
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## In Closing
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## Abbreviations
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## Additional Reading
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---
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id: 2026-04-15T09:18:45-04:00
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aliases: []
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title: 2026-04-15 09:18:45
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tags:
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- authorship/original
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- destiny/permanent
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- status/draft
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- type/periodic/timestamped
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dg-publish: true
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date-created: 2026-04-15T09:18:45-04:00
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daily: "[[2026-04-15]]"
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weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
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monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
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quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
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yearly: "[[2026]]"
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---
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# 2026-04-15 09:18:45
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[[snyder_2020_voltage-drop-calculations]]
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closes with this string of [Morse code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code):[^1]
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```morse
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.-. . ... .--. . -.-. - ..-. ..- .-.. .-.. -.-- ... ..- -... -- .. - - . -..
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```
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[^1]: Original characters were converted to ASCII, whitespace normalized.
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The sequence reads "RESPECTFULLYSUBMITTED".
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A Morse code translator,
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including parser and beeper,
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would be a great beginner programming project.
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---
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id: 2026-04-15T11:00:38-04:00
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aliases: []
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title: 2026-04-15 11:00:38
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tags:
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- authorship/original
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- destiny/permanent
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- status/draft
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- type/periodic/timestamped
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dg-publish: true
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date-created: 2026-04-15T11:00:38-04:00
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||||||
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daily: "[[2026-04-15]]"
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||||||
|
weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
|
||||||
|
monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
|
||||||
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quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
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||||||
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yearly: "[[2026]]"
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---
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# 2026-04-15 11:00:38
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## Equipment Grounding Conductor Sizing
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[[virginia-live-casino-and-hotel]]
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one-lines specify ~~a feeder~~ as
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`(6) SETS OF: 4#600, 1#450G, 4"C.`
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The use of 450kcmil for the EGC is strange:
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||||||
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* It is not a size specified by
|
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|
[[nfpa-70_250_grounding#Table 250.122 Minimum Size Equipment Grounding Conductors for Grounding Raceway and Equipment|Table 250.122]]
|
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||||||
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* it is a non-standard size anyway,
|
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not appearing in [[nfpa-70_ch09|Chapter 9]] tables,
|
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the [[neca-mlu]],
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or our Accubid database.
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---
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||||||
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id: 2026-04-15T14:54:00-04:00
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aliases: []
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||||||
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title: 2026-04-15 14:54:00
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tags:
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||||||
|
- authorship/original
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||||||
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- destiny/permanent
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||||||
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- status/draft
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- type/periodic/timestamped
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dg-publish: true
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||||||
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date-created: 2026-04-15T14:54:00-04:00
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||||||
|
daily: "[[2026-04-15]]"
|
||||||
|
weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
|
||||||
|
monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
|
||||||
|
quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
|
||||||
|
yearly: "[[2026]]"
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
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# 2026-04-15 14:54:00
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Working While Standing for Focus
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Yesterday Baker (our current project engineer)
|
||||||
|
asked if I use the standing mode of my desk often.
|
||||||
|
I told him I really didn't,
|
||||||
|
except to show multiple people something on my screens.
|
||||||
|
Thinking of [[kahneman_2011_thinking]],
|
||||||
|
I stated that this was a conscious choice
|
||||||
|
because one can not think as deeply while standing as while sitting.[^1]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[^1]: This is mostly justification for a preexisting behavior.
|
||||||
|
I think the largest part of my tendency
|
||||||
|
is that I don't like people watching me work.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
He clarified that he did this in order to _focus_,
|
||||||
|
which I have heard before but never gave much credit.
|
||||||
|
I then made the now obvious connection
|
||||||
|
that impairing deep thinking is exactly the method
|
||||||
|
by which standing improves focus.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
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---
|
||||||
|
id: 2026-04-15T15:15:07-04:00
|
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aliases: []
|
||||||
|
title: 2026-04-15 15:15:07
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|
tags:
|
||||||
|
- authorship/original
|
||||||
|
- destiny/permanent
|
||||||
|
- status/draft
|
||||||
|
- type/periodic/timestamped
|
||||||
|
- topic/meta
|
||||||
|
dg-publish: true
|
||||||
|
date-created: 2026-04-15T15:15:07-04:00
|
||||||
|
daily: "[[2026-04-15]]"
|
||||||
|
weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
|
||||||
|
monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
|
||||||
|
quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
|
||||||
|
yearly: "[[2026]]"
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
# 2026-04-15 15:15:07
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## Considering the Role of Daily Notes in My Vault
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I think daily notes still have a good use case for me,
|
||||||
|
but I'm not sure of the details.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
What content should be daily and what timestamped
|
||||||
|
is a matter of the logic of links and tags.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Daily notes should only contain content _about that day_.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
What's tricky about this is that
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What Daily Notes Should Contain
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Tracking
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Made recipe: [[granola]]
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What Daily Notes Should Not Contain
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Synthesis
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The utility of timestamped notes
|
||||||
|
is that, since the topic is self contained,
|
||||||
|
the note's tags apply to all content within it.
|
||||||
|
Contrast with my previous system,
|
||||||
|
more like a traditional diary,
|
||||||
|
where synthesis for myriad topics
|
||||||
|
was grouped arbitrarily
|
||||||
|
by the day I happened to make a connection.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### What Daily Notes Could Contain
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Objective Descriptions of Events
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I see two options, neither attractive:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
##### Option 1: Prose
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
because it would be very boring to write.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
##### Option 2: Standard Terse Format
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
|||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
id: 2026-04-15T15:59:02-04:00
|
||||||
|
aliases: []
|
||||||
|
title: 2026-04-15 15:59:02
|
||||||
|
tags:
|
||||||
|
- authorship/original
|
||||||
|
- destiny/permanent
|
||||||
|
- status/draft
|
||||||
|
- type/periodic/timestamped
|
||||||
|
dg-publish: true
|
||||||
|
date-created: 2026-04-15T15:59:02-04:00
|
||||||
|
daily: "[[2026-04-15]]"
|
||||||
|
weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
|
||||||
|
monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
|
||||||
|
quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
|
||||||
|
yearly: "[[2026]]"
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
# 2026-04-15 15:59:02
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Probably the most obviously helpful convention
|
||||||
|
of [[note-taking]]/[[personal-knowledge-management]]
|
||||||
|
that I use in [[this-notebook]]
|
||||||
|
is how I journal my mistakes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
1. The **mistake**,
|
||||||
|
the objectionable actions taken
|
||||||
|
that lead to the problem.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
2. The **problem**,
|
||||||
|
the undesirable state resulting from the mistake
|
||||||
|
This includes the immediate outcome
|
||||||
|
and, if applicable, the cost of correction.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
3. The **rationale**,
|
||||||
|
the reason for the mistake.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
***
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
The intent is that by recording this conflict
|
||||||
|
in as much detail as practical
|
||||||
|
I can determine what actions I can take
|
||||||
|
to prevent the most pain from future mistakes.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
***
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Rationale is the most important part of the entry.
|
||||||
|
It's not helpful to say
|
||||||
|
If that's truly what seems to be the cause,
|
||||||
|
consider your state at the time:
|
||||||
|
Were you mentally exhausted?
|
||||||
|
If so, was it due to workload or issues at home?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
"I was being stupid," and "I wasn't thinking,"
|
||||||
|
are not informative rationales.
|
||||||
|
"I will try harder," and "I will pay more attention"
|
||||||
|
are not actionable plans.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
***
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
"Mistake" may be a misnomer,
|
||||||
|
because acceptability is not objective.
|
||||||
|
For example:
|
||||||
|
two [[conest]] senior estimators
|
||||||
|
may disagree on the acceptability of a certain [[heuristics|heuristic]].
|
||||||
|
It may still be useful to record criticism from the more stringent senior
|
||||||
|
as a mistake, even if their position is less popular.
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
|||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
id: 2026-04-15T17:31:57-04:00
|
||||||
|
aliases: []
|
||||||
|
title: 2026-04-15 17:31:57
|
||||||
|
tags:
|
||||||
|
- authorship/original
|
||||||
|
- destiny/permanent
|
||||||
|
- status/draft
|
||||||
|
- type/periodic/timestamped
|
||||||
|
dg-publish: true
|
||||||
|
date-created: 2026-04-15T17:31:57-04:00
|
||||||
|
daily: "[[2026-04-15]]"
|
||||||
|
weekly: "[[2026-W16]]"
|
||||||
|
monthly: "[[2026-04]]"
|
||||||
|
quarterly: "[[2026-Q2]]"
|
||||||
|
yearly: "[[2026]]"
|
||||||
|
---
|
||||||
|
# 2026-04-15 17:31:57
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
A peer, not intending to,
|
||||||
|
convinced me I should buy my next car
|
||||||
|
as much over email as possible.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Consider my requirements for a new vehicle:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* Reliable make: Honda or Toyota
|
||||||
|
* Compact [body style](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_body_style):
|
||||||
|
Sedan, Crossover, or Hatchback
|
||||||
|
(really just not a pickup or SUV)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
I thought that these requirements were too open
|
||||||
|
to make research like peer suggested impractical,
|
||||||
|
but I realized now that they narrow my selection considerably.
|
||||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user